Page 151 - الكيمياء كتاب الطالب للصف 11 الفصل 1

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h 3  a % –¿™
˜C бS ± ^ C6 Áb9 d ³¹b b: ± E9 C6 : ± ¹±b: ±Ò E C; ± ¹±b:9 E= ; ± ´C=:8 ± c ¯ бS „± Zhb R=/

¹±b: ± c ¯ E ; C E C; ± ¹±b: ± S= R RÛ=5 ÎC : ± ^= c9 –бS ± E C d ¹b b ÏC3 d Î ± µP ±º¯
¹±b: ± c ¯ E ; C E C; ± ¹±b: ± S= R Û^ ±º¯ CÛ ­ ˜`=:= ± b ·±S ± P бS „± Zhb Я C P; Îb7 –E9 C6 : ±
˜»C = ± b ·±S ± P бS „± Zhb Я C P; Îb7; –E9 C6 : ±

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˜E ÒC C< ­ d;4 „ ±Q ÐA –бS „± P; E C Ðb8 E C; ± ¹±b: ±Ò E9 C6 : ± ¹±b: ± S= ±R Э ` _ R ± c9 a ­ RÛ Q ¦
˜E9 C6 : ± ¹±b: ± Ò­ E C; ± ¹±b: ± b ^ C6 ± ÏP7 ÓP c ¯ бS „± E C R=/ ¦
ËR2 ± ÑC ± d ·±S; бS „± Zhb Э d;4 ±Q< –E9 C6 : ± ¹±b: ± S= R ` R ­ E C; ± ¹±b: ± S= R ÐC ±º¯ ¦
˜“E C; ± ¹±b: ± ÑC ±’ E ¹C4: ± ` `: M±

ÑC ± d ·±S; бS „± Zhb Э d;4 ±Q< –E9 C6 : ± ¹±b: ± S= R ` R= 8 ^ ­ E C; ± ¹±b: ± S= R ÐC ±º¯ ¦
˜“E9 C6 : ± ¹±b: ± ÑC ±’ E ¹C4: ± ` R M± ËR2 ±

R Š± ÑC „± d C< ±ºA ˜³C24: ± E ¹C4: ± c ¯ ³¹b4 ± CÕ:g±¹ ]=9 D –бS „± ´ C6 c ¯ E ; C a ­ R Q ¦
˜E C; ± ¹±b: ± d Ðb8 E9 C6 : ± ¹±b: ± ÐA –“T C4: ±’

a==9= C b ­P E=:9 ´C 920

S= R ± d ´±R=5 µÒP E C d Ò –E;=4 ËÒR P; бS ± E C d ÏC3; ± Ðb8 a==9= C b ­P

–³»±R ± E »¹ Ò­ “E ¼C5 ± E C ± d E C; ± Ò­ E9 C6 : ± ¹±b: ± E C d ’ X51 ± Ò­ :Le Chatelier’s principle
a==9= C b ÔR; d R6 ± dgC=:=8 ± Y „ P Ò ˜ÏC3; ± ±Q бS ± ^ = C P; d ´±RÛ=5 F P ±º¯

c: E C ³P C ·R ] Q ˜Ð±S „± c9 ^ ±b4 ± ÑQ R @ û= “Ï1936-1850’ ±º¯’ –X51 ± Ò­ S= R ±
Û
Ò­ E9 C6 : ± ¹±b: ± F C
¤d9 C c9 V; d ±Ò –Le Chatelier’s principle a==9= C b ­P
–“E ¼C5 ± E C ± d E C; ±
·±S; –d8= C; P ± бS „± c9 R @ d ± ^ ±b4 ± ` R ­ Ò­ P ±Ò ^ C R=5 ±º¯
d ÏC3; –³»±R ± E »¹ Ò­
˜R=5 ± ±Q R= ? ` ÛP ÔQ ± ÑC „± d бS „± Zhb ·±S; –d8= C; ¹ бS ± E C

C: –^ C6 9 dgC=:=8 ± D C; ± c ¯ Ãb R C X51 ±Ò S= R ± RÛ=5 R= ? Z b `8: Ò ÑC „± d бS „± Zhb

. ǻH ) ^ C6 9 Ô»±R ± Ób : ± RÛ=5 c ¯ Ãb R C ³»±R ± E »¹ RÛ=5 R= ? Z b `8: ±Q R= ? ` P ÔQ ±
r
˜RÛ=5 ±

бS „± E C c9 S= R ± R= ?

¤d Š± µP E9 C6 : ± ¹±b: ± ` R ­ Ò­ ³P ±Ò ³¹C S= R ¹±¹S C P;

˜Ð±S ± E C d ÏC3; ± Ðb8 „ ¦

–E C; ± ¹±b: ± ` b8 ÑC ± Ô­ –“d C M± ^ C6 ±’ –E=gC=:=8 ± E ¹C4:9 CÕ7 Ò `=:= ± b бS „± Zhb ·±S; ¦
˜E9 C6 : ± ¹±b: ± Ò­ ³¹C: ± S= R ¹C ¹¼± R= ? ` ÛP 9

˜Ð±S „± E C ³¹C4 ± _ Э c ¯ E C; ± ¹±b: ± ` P S: ± ÐÛb8 ¦

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